九地篇第十一 THE NINE SITUATIONS
孫子曰:用兵之法,有散地,有輕地,有爭地,有交地,有衢地,有
重地,有圮地,有圍地,有死地。
Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;
(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;
(9) desperate ground.
諸侯自戰其地,為散地。
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
it is dispersive ground.
入人之地
不深者,為輕地。
When he has penetrated into hostile territory,
but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
我得則利,彼得亦利者,為爭地。
Ground the possession of which imports great
advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
我可以往,彼可
以來者,為交地。
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement
is open ground.
諸侯之地三屬,先至而得天下眾者,為衢地。
Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire
at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
入人
之地深,背城邑多者,為重地。
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a
hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities
in its rear, it is serious ground.
山林、險阻、沮澤,凡難行之道者,
為圮地。
Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all
country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
所從由入者隘,所從歸者迂,彼寡可以擊我之眾者,為圍地
。
Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths,
so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
疾戰則存,不疾戰則亡者,為死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from
destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
是故散地則無戰,輕地則無止
,爭地則無攻,衢地則合交,重地則掠,圮地則行,圍地則謀,死地
則戰。
On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.
On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,
attack not. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.
On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
with your allies. On serious ground, gather in plunder.
In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem.
On desperate ground, fight.
所謂古之善用兵者,能使敵人前後不相及,眾寡不相恃,貴賤不相救
,上下不相收,卒離而不集,兵合而不齊。
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew
how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;
to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,
the officers from rallying their men. When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.
合于利而動,不合于利而
止。敢問:“敵眾整而將來,待之若何?”曰:“先奪其所愛,則聽
矣。”
When it was to their advantage, they made
a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy
in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,
I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your
opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
兵之情主速,乘人之不及,由不虞之道,攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of
the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
and attack unguarded spots.
凡為客之道:深入則專,主人不克。
The following are the principles to be observed
by an invading force: The further you penetrate into
a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops,
and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
掠于饒野,三軍足食。謹養而勿
勞,并氣積力,運并計謀,為不可測。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply
your army with food. Carefully study the well-being of your men,
and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
your strength. Keep your army continually on the move,
and devise unfathomable plans.
投之無所往,死且不北。死焉
不得,士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼,無所往則固,深入則拘,不得已
則鬥。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there
is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.
If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
their uttermost strength. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge,
they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country,
they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
for it, they will fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒,不求而得,不約而親,不令而信。禁祥去
疑,至死無所之。
Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers
will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can
be trusted. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
no calamity need be feared.
吾士無餘財,非惡貨也﹔無餘命,非惡壽也。令發
之日,士卒坐者涕沾襟,偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者,諸、劌之勇
也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,
it is not because they have a distaste for riches;
if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they
are disinclined to longevity. On the day they are ordered out to battle,
your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing
their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
故善用兵者,譬如率然。率然者,常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至,擊其
尾則首至,擊其中則首尾俱至。
The skillful tactician may be likened to the
shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found
in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you
will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,
and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
敢問:“兵可使如率然乎?”曰:“
可。”夫吳人與越人相惡也,當其同舟而濟,遇風,其相救也,如左
右手。
Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,
I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men
of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river
in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
是故方馬埋輪,未足恃也。齊勇如一,政之道也,剛柔皆得,
地之理也。故善用兵者,攜手若使一人,不得已也。 Hence it is not enough to put one's trust
in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
wheels in the ground. The principle on which to manage an army is to set
up one standard of courage which all must reach. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that
is a question involving the proper use of ground. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just
as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by
the hand.
將軍之事:靜以幽,正以治。能愚士卒之耳目,使之無知。易其事,
革其謀,使人無識。易其居,迂其途,使人不得慮。
It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus
ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order. He must be able to mystify his officers and men
by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them
in total ignorance. By altering his arrangements and changing
his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
帥與之期,如登
高而去其梯。帥與之深入諸侯之地,而發其機,焚舟破釜,若驅群羊
。驅而往,驅而來,莫知所之。
At the critical moment, the leader of an army
acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
into hostile territory before he shows his hand. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.
聚三軍之眾,投之于險,此謂將軍之
事也。九地之變,屈伸之力,人情之理,不可不察也。
To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this
may be termed the business of the general. The different measures suited to the nine
varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or
defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.
凡為客之道:深則專,淺則散。去國越境而師者,絕地也﹔四達者,
衢地也﹔入深者,重地也﹔入淺者,輕地也﹔背固前隘者,圍地也﹔
無所往者,死地也。
When invading hostile territory, the general
principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;
penetrating but a short way means dispersion. When you leave your own country behind, and take
your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
on critical ground. When there are means of communication
on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is
serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way,
it is facile ground. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,
and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground.
When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
是故散地,吾將一其志﹔輕地,吾將使之屬﹔爭地,吾將趨其後﹔交
地,吾將謹其守﹔衢地,吾將固其結﹔重地,吾將繼其食﹔圮地,吾
將進其途﹔圍地,吾將塞其闕﹔死地,吾將示之以不活。
Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire
my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would
see that there is close connection between all parts
of my army. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye
on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways,
I would consolidate my alliances. On serious ground, I would try to ensure
a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,
I would keep pushing on along the road. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way
of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim
to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
故兵之情:圍則御,不得已則鬥,過則從。
For it is the soldier's disposition to offer
an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he
has fallen into danger.
是故不知諸侯之謀者,不能預交。不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者,不
能行軍。不用鄉導,不能得地利。四五者,不知一,非霸、王之兵也
。
We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring
princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are
not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account
unless we make use of local guides. To be ignored of any one of the following four
or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
夫霸、王之兵,伐大國,則其眾不得聚﹔威加于敵,則其交不得合
。
. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,
his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration
of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents,
and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
是故不爭天下之交,不養天下之權,信己之私,威加于敵,則其城
可拔,其國可隳。施無法之賞,懸無政之令,犯三軍之眾,若使一人
。
Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his
antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their
cities and overthrow their kingdoms. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;
and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
you had to do with but a single man.
犯之以事,勿告以言。犯之以利,勿告以害。投之亡地然後存,陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷于害,然後能為勝敗。
Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;
never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;
plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off
in safety. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
故為兵之事,在于佯順敵之意,并敵一向,千里殺將,是謂巧能成事
者也。
Success in warfare is gained by carefully
accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall
succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief. This is called ability to accomplish a thing
by sheer cunning.
是故政舉之日,夷關折符,無通其使﹔勵于廊廟之上,以誅其事。敵
人開闔,必亟入之,先其所愛,微與之期。
On the day that you take up your command,
block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,
and stop the passage of all emissaries. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you
may control the situation. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,
and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
踐墨隨敵,以決戰事。是
故始如處女,敵人開戶,後如脫兔,敵不及拒。
Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate
yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,
until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late
for the enemy to oppose you.
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火攻篇第十二 THE ATTACK BY FIRE
孫子曰:凡火攻有五:一曰火人,二曰火積,三曰火輜,四曰火庫,
五曰火隊。
Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking
with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;
the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn
baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;
the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
行火必有因,煙火必素具。發火有時,起火有日。時者,
天之燥也。日者,月在萁、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者,風起之日也。
In order to carry out an attack, we must have
means available. The material for raising fire should
always be kept in readiness. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire,
and special days for starting a conflagration. The proper season is when the weather is very dry;
the special days are those when the moon is in the
constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing
or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
凡火攻,必因五火之變而應之。火發于內,則早應之于外。火發而其
兵靜者,待而勿攻。極其火力,可從而從之,不可從而止。火可發于
外,無待于內,以時發之。火發上風,無攻下風。晝風久,夜風止。
In attacking with fire, one should be prepared
to meet five possible developments: (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp,
respond at once with an attack from without. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's
soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height,
follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;
if not, stay where you are. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire
from without, do not wait for it to break out within,
but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it.
Do not attack from the leeward. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,
but a night breeze soon falls.
凡軍必知有五火之變,以數守之。故以火佐攻者明,以水佐攻者強。水可以絕,不可以奪。
In every army, the five developments connected with
fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated,
and a watch kept for the proper days. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,
but not robbed of all his belongings.
夫戰勝攻取,而不修其功者凶,命曰“費留”。故曰:明主慮之,良
將修之。非利不動,非得不用,非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師,將不
可以慍而致戰。
Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his
battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating
the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time
and general stagnation. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his
plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not
your troops unless there is something to be gained;
fight not unless the position is critical. No ruler should put troops into the field merely
to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight
a battle simply out of pique.
合于利而動,不合于利而止。怒可以復喜,慍可以復
悅,亡國不可以復存,死者不可以復生。故明君慎之,良將警之。此
安國全軍之道也。
If it is to your advantage, make a forward move;
if not, stay where you are.. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may
be succeeded by content. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can
never come again into being; nor can the dead ever
be brought back to life. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful,
and the good general full of caution. This is the way
to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
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用間篇第十三 THE USE OF SPIES
孫子曰:凡興師十萬,出征千里,百姓之費,公家之奉,日費千金。
內外騷動,怠于道路,不得操事者,七十萬家。
Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.
The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
in their labor.
相守數年,以爭一日
之勝,而愛爵祿百金,不知敵之情者,不仁之至也。非人之將也,非
主之佐也,非勝之主也。故明君賢將,所以動而勝人,成功出于眾者
,先知也。
Hostile armies may face each other for years,
striving for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height
of inhumanity. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present
help to his sovereign, no master of victory. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good
general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
先知者,不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可驗于度。必取
于人,知敵之情者也。
Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;
it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
nor by any deductive calculation. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only
be obtained from other men.
故用間有五:有因間,有內間,有反間,有死間,有生間。五間俱起
,莫知其道,是謂神紀,人君之寶也。因間者,因其鄉人而用之。內
間者,因其官人而用之。反間者,因其敵間而用之。死間者,為誑事
于外,令吾聞知之,而傳于敵間也。生間者,反報也。
Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes:
(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,
none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine
manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's
most precious faculty. Having local spies means employing the services
of the inhabitants of a district. Having inward spies, making use of officials
of the enemy. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's
spies and using them for our own purposes. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly
for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
of them and report them to the enemy. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring
back news from the enemy's camp.
故三軍之事,莫親于間,賞莫厚于間,事莫密于間。非聖智不能用間
,非仁義不能使間,非微妙不能得間之實。
Hence it is that which none in the whole army are
more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other
business should greater secrecy be preserved. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain
intuitive sagacity. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence
and straightforwardness. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
certain of the truth of their reports.
微哉!微哉!無所不用間
也。間事未發,而先聞者,間與所告者兼死。
Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every
kind of business. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy
before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
with the man to whom the secret was told.
凡軍之所欲擊,城之所欲攻,人之所欲殺,必先知其守將、左右、謁
者、門者、舍人之姓名,令吾間必索知之。
Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm
a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
必索敵人之間來間我者,因而利之,導而舍之,故反間可得而用也。
The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us
must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
因是而知之,故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔因是而知之,故死間為誑事
可使告敵﹔因是而知之,故生間可使如期。
It is through the information brought by the
converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
local and inward spies. It is owing to his information, again, that we can
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving
spy can be used on appointed occasions.
五間之事,君必知之,知
之必在于反間,故反間不可不厚也。
The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties
is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
昔殷之興也,伊摯在夏﹔周之興也,呂牙在殷。故惟明君賢將能以上
智為間者,必成大功。此兵之要,三軍之所恃而動也。
Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I
Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise
of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in water,
because on them depends an army's ability to move.
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